Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

(Maré & Switzer, 1965)

Etymology

Gr. n. mukes – fungus, Gr. neut. n. plasma – anything formed, N.L. neut. n. Mycoplasma – fungus form; Gr. n. hus – a swine, Gr. n. pneumonia – pneumoniae, N.L. gen. n. hyopneumoniae – of swine pneumonia

Taxonomy

Mycoplasmatales – Mycoplasmataceae – Mycoplasma – Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Hyopneumoniae cluster), closely related to Mycoplasma flocculare and Mycoplasma dispar (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity – 97.47%) (Fig. 1)

Type strain

J^T (swine, USA, ≤1965) (Fig. 2, 16S rRNA gene sequence)

Genomes

12 completed (J^T, 11, 232 – all USA; 7448, 7422 – both Brazil; KM014 – South Korea; ES-2, ES-2L (high passage strain of ES-2), 168, 168-L (high passage strain of 168), LH – all China; F7.2C - Belgium); 14 draft genomes (NCBI Genome deposit per 11/05/2024)

Cell morphology

spherical – coccoid

Colony morphology

small, uncentered colonies (Fig. 3)

Metabolism

fermentation of glucose; non-arginine-hydrolyzing, non-urea-hydrolyzing

Host

swine

Habitat

domestic pigs and wild boars

Disease(s)

primary pathogen of Enzootic Pneumonia (EP) and Mycoplasma-induced respiratory disease (MIRD) as well as one of the primary agents involved in the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC)

Pathogenicity

factors include adhesins (P97 and its paralogues, and related P102 and its paralogues, P159, P146 or LppS), post-translationally processed and cleaved adhesins and lipoproteins involved in immune evasion and modulation, cell-surface lipoproteins inducing apoptosis, glycerolphosphate oxidase (GlpO) metabolizing glycerol and possibly leading to production of hydrogen peroxide, possibly nutrient acquisition by myoinositol metabolism, possibly immunoglobulin cleavage by MIB-MIP Ig protease system

Epidemiology

worldwide occurrence, prevalence is low in some Scandinavian countries, and Switzerland is free after a national eradication program; transmission by aerosol from gilt to piglets and between pen mates

Diagnosis

PCR; cultivation and species identification by MALDI-ToF MS or genetically; detection of antibodies using immunoassays for herd testing

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic position of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae J^T within the Hyopneumoniae cluster of Mycoplasmataceae based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The sequence of Mycoplasma synoviae WVU 1853^T was used as out-group (Synoviae cluster). Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap confidence values (1000 replications). Only values > 80% are shown. Bar, number of substitutions per nucleotide position. Credits: Joachim Spergser (Vetmeduni Vienna)

>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae J^T

CTAGCTGTGTGCTTAATACATGCATGTTGAACGGAATATTTTAGTTCGCTAAAATATTTAGTAGCAAATGGGTGAGTAACACGTACCTAACCTACCTTTTGGACTGGGATAACCATTGGAAACAGTGGCTAATACCGGATATGATAAAAATTTGCATGAATTTTTATTCAAAGGAGCTTTCAAGCTTCACCAAGAAATGGGGGTGCGCAACATTAGTTAGTTGGTAGGGTAAAAGCCTACCAAGACGATGATGTTTAGCGGGGCCAAGAGGTTGTACCGCCACACTGGGATTGAGATACGGCCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTAAGGAATATTCCACAATAAGCGAAAGCTTGATGGAGCGACACAGCGTGCAGGATGAAGTCTTTCGGGATGTAAACTGCTGTTGTAAGGGAAGAAAAAACTAGATAGGAAATGCTCTAGTCTTGACGGTACCTTATTAGAAAGCGACGGCAAACTATGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACATAGGTCGCAAGCGTTATCCGGAATTATTGGGCGTAAAGCGTCCGTAGGTTTTTTGTTAAGTTTAAAGTTAAATGCTAAAGCTCAACTTTAGTCCGCTTTAGATACTGGCAAAATAGAATTATGAAGAGGTTAGCGGAATTCCTAGTGGAGTGGTGGAATACGTAGATATTAGGAAGAACACCAATAGGCGAAGGCAGCTAACTGGTCATATATTGACACTAAGGGACGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGATCATTAGTTGGTGGCAAAAGTCACTAACACAGCTAACGCGTTAAATGATCCGCCTGAGTAGTATGCTCGCAAGAGTGAAACTTAAAGGAATTGACGGGAACCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTTGATGATACGCGTAGAACCTTACCCACTCTTGACATTCTCGCAAAACTATAGAGATATAGCCGAGGCTAACGAGATCACAGATGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTAGGTTAAGTCCTGCAACGAGCGCAACCCTTTTCTTTAGTTGCTAACATTTAGTTGAGAACCCTAAAGATACTGCCGGCGCAAGCCGGAGGAAGGTGGGGACGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCTCTTACGAGTGGGGCAACACACGTGCTACAATGGCTACTACAAAGAGCAGCAAAACAGTGATGTCAAGCTAATCTCAAAAAAGTAGTCTCAGTTCGGATTGAAGTCTGCAACTCGACTTCATGAAGTCGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGCAGGTCAGCTATACTGCGGTGAATACGTTCTCGGGTTTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGTTGGTAATGCCCAAAGTCGGTGAGTTAACTTCGGAGACCATTGCCTAAGGCAGGACCGATGACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGT

Fig. 2. 16S rRNA gene sequence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae J^T(Accession number: NR_121689)

Fig. 3. Colonies of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae J^T on modified Friis’ agar after 7 days of incubation. Credits: Joachim Spergser (Vetmeduni Vienna)

Species assigned by: Maré, C.J., Switzer, W.P. 1965. New species: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae a causative agent of virus pig pneumonia. Vet. Med. 60: 841-846.