Mycoplasma gallinaceum

(Jordan et al., 1982)

Etymology

Gr. n. mukes – fungus, Gr. neut. n. plasma – anything formed, N.L. neut. n. Mycoplasma – fungus form; L. neut. adj. gallinaceum – of poultry

Taxonomy

Mycoplasmatales – Mycoplasmataceae – Mycoplasma – Mycoplasma gallinaceum (Synoviae cluster), related to Mycoplasma glycophilum (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity – 95.48%) (Fig. 1)

Type strain

DD^T (chicken, USA, 1969), (Fig. 2, 16S rRNA gene sequence)

Genomes

3 completed (DD^T – USA; B2096 8B – South Africa; Peacock20181011 – China) (NCBI Genome deposit per 11/05/2024)

Cell morphology

spherical – coccoid

Colony morphology

fried egg morphology (Fig. 3)

Metabolism

fermentation of glucose; non-arginine-hydrolyzing, non-urea-hydrolyzing

Host

chicken, turkeys, pheasants, peacock, partridges

Habitat

upper respiratory tract and eyes, occasionally the reproductive tract

Disease(s)

commonly considered to be a commensal, but may aggravate respiratory disease and pathogen proliferation

Pathogenicity

factors unknown

Epidemiology

worldwide occurrence

Diagnosis

cultivation and species identification by MALDI-ToF MS, serology or genetically

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree showing the phylogenetic position of Mycoplasma gallinaceum DD^T within the Synoviae cluster of Mycoplasmataceae based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The sequence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae J^T was used as out-group (Hyopneumoniae cluster). Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap confidence values (1000 replications). Only values > 80% are shown. Bar, number of substitutions per nucleotide position. Credits: Joachim Spergser (Vetmeduni Vienna)

>Mycoplasma gallinaceum DD^T

CTGGCTGTGTGCCTAATACATGCATGTCGAGCGGAGTTCTTCGGAACTTAGCGGCGAATGGGTGAGTAACACGTACTTAACGTGCCCCCTTGATTGGGATAACGCTGAGAAATTAGCGCTAATACCGGATACTTAAATATCTCGCATGAGGTATTTATAAAAGGAGCCTTTAAAGCTTCACAAGGGGATCGGGGTGCGTAACATTAGCTAGTTGGTGAGGTAATGGCTCACCAAGGCGATGATGTTTAGCGGGGTTGAGAGACTGATCCGCCACACTGGGACTGAGATACGGCCCAGACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAGTAGGGAATTTTCCACAATGGGCGAAAGCCTGATGGAGCGACACAGCGTGCAGGATGAAGGCTTCGGGTTGTAAACTGCTGTTATAAGGGAAGAAAAAGTCGAGGAGGAAATGCCTTGACCTTGACGGTACCTTATCAGAAAGCAACGGCTAACTATGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACATAGGTTGCAAGCGTTATCCGGAATTATTGGGCGTAAAGCGTCTGTAGGTTGTTTGTTAAGTCTGGTGTGAAAACTTGGGGCTCAACCCCAAATTGCATTGGATACTGGCAAACTAGAATTGTGTAGAGGTTAGCGGAATTCCTTGTGAAGCGGTGGAATGCGTAGATATAAGGAAGAACATCAACATGGCGAAGGCAGCTAACTGGACATATATTGACACTGAGAGACGAAAGCGTGGGGAGCAAACAGGATTAGATACCCTGGTAGTCCACGCCGTAAACGATGATGATTAGCTGATGGGGAACTCATCGGCGCACGTAACGCATTAAATCATCCGCCTGAGTAGTATGCTCGCAAGAGTGAAACTTAAAGGAATTGACGGGGATCCGCACAAGCGGTGGAGCATGTGGTTTAATTTGAAGATACGCGTAGAACCTTACCCACTCTTGACATCTTCTGCAAAGCTATAGAGATATAGTGGAGGTTAACAGAATGACAGATGGTGCATGGTTGTCGTCAGCTCGTGTCGTGAGATGTTCGGTTAAGTCCTGCAACGAGCGCAACCCTTGTCCTTAGTTAAACGTTCTAGGGAGACTGCCCGGGTAACCGGGAGGAAGGTGGGGACGACGTCAAATCATCATGCCTCTTACGAGTGGGGCAACACACGTGCTACAATGGATGGTACAAAGAGACGCAATACGGCGACGTGGAGCAAATCTCAAAAAACCATTCTCAGTTCGGATTGTAGTCTGCAACTCGACTACATGAAGTCGGAATCGCTAGTAATCGTAGATCACGTACGCTACGGTGAATACGTTCTCGGGTCTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCACACCATGGGAGCTGGTAATGCCCGAAGTCGGTTTTGTTAACTACGGAGACAACTGCCTAAGGCAGGACTGGTGACTGGGGTGAAGTCGTAACAAGGT

Fig. 2. 16S rRNA gene sequence of Mycoplasma gallinaceum DD^T(Accession number: NR_025913)

Fig. 3. Colonies of Mycoplasma gallinaceum DD^T on modified Hayflick’s agar after 4 days of incubation exhibiting fried egg morphology. Bar, 1 mm. Credits: Joachim Spergser (Vetmeduni Vienna)

Species assigned by: Jordan, F.T.W., Ernø, H., Cottew, G.S., Hinz, K.H., Stipkovits, L. 1982. Characterization and taxonomic description of five mycoplasma serovars (serotypes) of avian origin and their elevation to species rank and further evaluation of the taxonomic status of Mycoplasma synoviae. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 32: 108-115.